Afrexim Research projections show that long-term debt will continue to dominate, making up 76.4% of Africa’s total debt by 2028

Key takeaways:

  • By 2028, 76.4% of Africa’s debt will be long-term, up from 75% in 2023.
  • The share of long-term debt will consistently rise each year.
  • Short-term and IMF debts will shrink to 23.6% by 2028, indicating reduced reliance on short-term borrowing.
  • The trend towards long-term debt reduces the immediate financial strain on governments but requires careful management to avoid excessive interest accumulation.
  • Countries must ensure that extended debt periods are matched with productive investments to justify future repayments.
  • A higher share of long-term debt could expose African economies to potential interest rate hikes in the future.
  • While long-term borrowing offers temporary relief, debt sustainability remains a key issue that policymakers must address.

Africa's debt is shifting further toward long-term obligations, with projections indicating that by 2028, 76.4% of the continent’s total debt will be long-term. This slow but steady increase underscores a preference for extended repayment periods, reducing the burden of short-term debt repayments but potentially increasing overall costs due to prolonged interest payments.
In everyday terms, this is similar to how businesses or individuals prefer long-term loans over short-term ones to ease immediate financial pressure. While long-term financing offers breathing space, it requires strong fiscal discipline to ensure that repayments remain sustainable in the future.

Source:

Afreximbank

Period:

2024 - 2028
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Three African countries are projected to have debt exceeding their GDP in 2026
  • Sudan is projected to have Africa’s highest debt-to-GDP ratio in 2026, at 169.1%.
  • Only three African countries are projected to owe more than the size of their economies in 2026.
  • Senegal and Mozambique join Sudan among countries with debt-to-GDP ratios above 100%.
  • Africa’s average government debt-to-GDP ratio is projected at 60.7% in 2026.
  • Nigeria’s projected debt-to-GDP ratio of 32.3% is far below the African average.
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  • Africa received 66% of IDA’s FY2025 commitments.
  • Africa’s total IDA allocation was $22.4 billion out of $33.8 billion.
  • Nigeria was the largest borrower from the DA globally, with $3.1 billion in loans.
  • Bangladesh ranked second with $3 billion.
  • Six of the top ten borrowers were African countries.
  • Nigeria accounted for 9.3% of total FY2025 IDA commitments.
Oyo has reduced external debt by 36% and domestic debt by 22% under Makinde
  • Oyo reduced external and domestic debt by the end of 2025.
  • External debt fell faster than domestic debt.
  • External debt declined more consistently over the period.
  • Oyo’s local debt peaked around 2022–2023 before falling back.
  • The state appears to have prioritised reducing FX exposure.
Africa has been the world's biggest World Bank borrower since 2017, owing $152 billion as of 2024
  • Africa has been the world's biggest World Bank borrower since 2017, and the gap is widening.
  • Three crises drove it: an infrastructure gap, the 2014 commodity crash, and COVID-19.
  • The World Bank leaned in deliberately — 66% of all IDA funds went to Africa in 2025 alone.
  • It's not really "Africa's debt" — it's Nigeria's, Kenya's, Ethiopia's, Egypt's, Tanzania's, and Morocco's.
  • Every other region is slowing down, but Africa's curve is still climbing.
Under Sanwo-Olu, Lagos cut its external debt and more than doubled its domestic debt
  • Lagos cut external debt, but increased domestic debt.
  • The drop in external debt was meaningful, but the rise in domestic debt was much larger.
  • Stronger IGR gave Lagos more room to borrow and repay.
  • The state chose local funding over heavier dollar exposure.
Lagos's external debt has reduced by nearly three times more than the other six states combined
  • Lagos's debt reduction is larger than the other six combined.
  • Oyo posted the fastest reduction rate.
  • The biggest percentage cut did not equal the biggest dollar cut.
  • Debt reduction was concentrated, not broad-based.
  • Higher state revenues likely created room for repayments.
  • Lagos had the strongest fiscal capacity among the states shown.
  • Smaller debt stocks made percentage declines easier for some states.
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