Nigeria's naira depreciated by 129% in 2024, hitting an average of 1,479 NGN per US$

Key takeaways:

  • The Nigerian naira depreciated by a record-breaking 129.23% in 2024, the highest drop in the last decade.
  • From 2015 to 2022, the naira's depreciation was relatively controlled, rarely exceeding 20% year-on-year.
  • The exchange rate remained nearly flat from 2017 to 2019, showing signs of stability.
  • In 2023, the naira lost over half its value (51.46%), marking the beginning of the current volatility wave.
  • The exchange rate crossed the ₦1,000/$ threshold in 2024 for the first time in history.

Nigeria’s currency experienced a sharp and historic depreciation, with the naira falling by 129.23% in 2024 alone to close the year at ₦1,478.97 per US dollar. This marked the most severe yearly decline in the past decade, more than doubling the exchange rate from the previous year’s ₦645.19. While the naira had seen gradual weakening over the years, the 2024 plunge represented a new phase of instability that stood out in the decade-long trend of depreciation. The abrupt jump in 2024 can be interpreted as the result of compounded structural pressures, ranging from dwindling foreign reserves and persistent inflation to a fragile fiscal environment and FX market reforms.

Source:

World Bank

Period:

2015 - 2024
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East Africa is heavily represented among the weakest African currencies in 2024, with Somalia leading at 28,118.33 SOS per US$
  • Eight East African nations made the list of the top 15 worst African currencies.
  • Somalia has the weakest African currency in 2024, with an exchange rate of 28,118.33 SOS per US$.
  • Guinea, with 8,613.26 GNF per US$, has the second weakest currency, but is still far behind Somalia.
  • Madagascar, Uganda, and Zimbabwe follow, each with exchange rates between 3,200 and 4,500 LCU per US$.
  • Nigeria’s currency traded at 1,478.97 Naira per US$, about 20 times stronger than Somalia's currency.
  • Despite economic turmoil, South Sudan’s currency remained below 2,200 SSP per US$, performing better than Somalia and Guinea.
  • The gap between Somalia and the rest of Africa’s currencies highlights extreme economic pressures unique to the Somali economy in 2024.
Somalia's official exchange rate (SOS per US$) has generally trended upwards from 2015 to 2024, reaching 28,118.33 SOS per US$
  • Somalia’s currency has depreciated by 26.4% between 2015 and 2024.
  • The sharpest yearly depreciation was in 2019, at 4.64%.
  • From 2020 to 2021, the SOS saw its smallest year-on-year shift at 1.08%.
  • Despite fluctuations, every year from 2015 to 2024 recorded a net increase in SOS per US$.
  • 2017 recorded near-stable currency performance with just a 0.16% change from the previous year.
North Africa dominates the strongest African currencies in 2024, with Tunisia taking the lead at TND 3.11/USD
  • Tunisia held the top spot with the strongest African currency, trading at 3.11 TND per USD in 2024.
  • Libya followed as the second-strongest, with an exchange rate of 4.83 LYD per USD.
  • Morocco maintained a strong regional position, with its dirham trading at 9.94 MAD per USD.
  • Botswana’s pula was relatively stable, exchanging at 13.56 per USD, highlighting Southern Africa’s economic steadiness.
  • Ghana and Seychelles had closely matched exchange rates, trading at 14.48 and 14.53 to the dollar, respectively.
  • South Africa, Lesotho, Namibia, and Eswatini all shared almost identical exchange rates of around 18.32–18.33 per USD, showing tight regional monetary coordination.
After a period of fluctuation, Tunisia's currency has demonstrated a stabilised exchange rate since 2022 at around 3.11 TND per US$
  • The Tunisian dinar stood at TND 2.15 per US$ in 2016 and has since depreciated to TND 3.11 per US$ in 2024.
  • Between 2016 and 2019, the dinar saw a strong depreciation.
  • 2020 marked a turning point with a 4.16% appreciation, the first notable currency strengthening in the period observed.
  • From 2022 onward, the exchange rate has stabilised closely around TND 3.10 to TND 3.11 per US$, with minimal yearly changes of 0.08% and 0.04%.
  • The largest year-on-year depreciation occurred in 2017 with a 12.63% change.
  • Despite the earlier years of high volatility, Tunisia’s currency performance in the last three years suggests better monetary management and external stability.
Southern Africa's debt-to-GDP ratio is expected to rise by 5.8 percentage points, contrasting with declines in other regions
  • Unlike other regions, Southern Africa’s debt-to-GDP ratio is expected to increase by 5.8 percentage points, reaching 77.4% by 2028.
  • Northern Africa is set to achieve the largest debt-to-GDP decline of 14.7 percentage points, from 84.2% to 69.5%, indicating significant fiscal adjustments.
  • Central Africa is expected to see a 12 percentage point drop, reducing its debt-to-GDP ratio from 45.8% to 33.8%.
  • West Africa’s debt-to-GDP ratio is projected to fall by 4.3 percentage points, while Eastern Africa is expected to drop by 5.2 percentage points, both showing signs of improved debt management.
  • Even with the projected declines, some regions like Northern Africa (69.5%) and Southern Africa (77.4%) will still have high debt burdens compared to others like Central Africa (33.8%).
  • The declining debt-to-GDP ratios in most regions suggest either economic expansion or strategic debt control, but Southern Africa’s increase indicates potential fiscal stress.
Fifteen months into President Tinubu’s tenure, the rate of one dollar to naira has gone up by 245%
When Olusegun Obasanjo took office in 1999, the exchange rate was ₦97 to $1; it was ₦128 under Yar'Adua in 2007. During Jonathan's tenure in 2010 it was ₦151 while it was ₦199 when Buhari was in office. Despite efforts to let market forces decide the rate, the naira continues to weaken. Will the current administration turn things around soon?
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