Jigawa has the lowest domestic debt among Nigerian states at ₦1.06B, a stark contrast to Lagos's (the highest) ₦874.04B debt

  • Lagos alone holds more domestic debt than the bottom 25 states combined.
  • Jigawa’s domestic debt of ₦1.06 billion is less than 0.15% of Lagos’s debt, showing the widest disparity.
  • The 10 highest-indebted states account for nearly 70% of the total domestic debts across Nigerian states.
  • The Federal Capital Territory (FCT) carries more debt than 17 other states.

Lagos State stands out distinctly in Nigeria’s domestic debt landscape, with an overwhelming ₦874.04 billion debt, over twice that of the next highest state, Rivers, at ₦364.39 billion.

This gap highlights the scale of financial commitments that Lagos has taken on, likely to finance infrastructure and meet its urban development needs.

Combined, Lagos and Rivers alone account for nearly a third of all domestic debts owed by Nigeria’s 36 states and the FCT, indicating a highly concentrated debt profile among a few subnational entities.

Source:

Debt Management Office

Period:

2024
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The top three indebted states (Lagos, Kaduna, and Edo) collectively account for over $2.18B, nearly half of the total $4.80B states' external debt
  • Lagos alone accounts for nearly 25% of all Nigerian states’ external debt, totalling $1.17 billion.
  • The combined debt of Lagos, Kaduna, and Edo is larger than the sum of the debts of the bottom 30 states.
  • States like Yobe, Abuja, and Jigawa each owe less than $25 million externally, indicating minimal foreign exposure.
  • Cross River, Rivers, and Ogun round out the top six debtors, each with external debts around [$190–210] million.
  • Just eleven states owe over $100 million each, while the majority owes less than that threshold.
  • Despite 36 subnational governments, the federal government’s $40.98 billion external debt is over 8x that of all states combined.
Nigeria’s outstanding debt to the World Bank has grown nearly 100-fold since 1970, reaching $17.8 billion in 2024
  • Nigeria’s outstanding debt to the World Bank rose from $180 million in 1970 to $17.81 billion in 2024, a nearly 100-fold increase in 54 years.
  • The balance remained below $5 billion until 2013, but more than tripled between 2013 and 2024, signalling accelerated reliance on multilateral credit.
  • From 2020 to 2024, the outstanding debt rose by $6.4 billion, the sharpest five-year surge on record.
  • The figures reflect a steady accumulation of obligations, driven by long-term borrowing and slower repayment relative to disbursement.
Cameroon's outstanding debt surges by 2,310% from 2017, reaching SDR 1.18 billion by 2025
Key Takeaways:
  • Cameroon’s IMF debt decreased from SDR 70.6 million in 2016 to SDR 49.1 million in 2017—a 30% reduction.
  • From 2018 onwards, the country experienced steady increases in outstanding debt.
  • After an initial 30% reduction from 2016 to 2017, debt skyrocketed by 380% in just one year (2017-2018).
  • By March 2025, Cameroon’s outstanding debt had reached SDR 1.18 billion, representing a staggering SDR 1.13 billion increase from its 2017 level.
  • Although the pace of accumulation has moderated in recent years, the overall debt trend remains upward.
Democratic Republic of Congo’s external debt to the IMF increased by 2,482% between 2019 and 2025
Key Takeaways:
  • The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) reduced its external debt significantly from SDR 263 million in 2016 to SDR 69.3 million by 2019.
  • A sharp reversal occurred in 2020, with debt surging by 327% within a single year, from SDR 69.3 million in 2019 to SDR 296.2 million.
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  • From 2020 to 2025, the DRC has accumulated over SDR 1.49 billion in new debt.
Between Q1 2023 and Q1 2025, South Africa reduced IMF debt by over 75%, with full repayment possible at the rate of SDR 381.4 million quarterly by the end of 2025
Key Takeaways:
  • South Africa’s outstanding debt to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) decreased from SDR 3.05 billion in March 2023 to SDR 762.8 million by March 2025.
  • The debt level remained unchanged at SDR 3.05 billion through the first three quarters of 2023.
  • Starting in December 2023, South Africa began making consistent quarterly repayments of SDR 381.4 million.
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  • The country is potentially on track for full repayment of its debt by the end of 2025.
Kenya’s IMF debt surges by 1,109%, rising from SDR 249 million in March 2020 to over SDR 3 billion in March 2025
Key Takeaways:
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  • This downward trend reversed dramatically after 2020, with public debt rising to SDR 3.02 billion by March 2025.
  • The most significant annual increase occurred between 2020 and 2021, when debt jumped by 178%.
  • The lowest recorded debt level during the study period was in 2020, at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, when it fell to approximately SDR 250 million.
  • Kenya’s IMF debt grew more than elevenfold (1,109%) from its 2020 low to its 2025 peak.
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