Madagascar has experienced fluctuating levels of protest activity over the past two decades, with the most intense period occurring under Andry Rajoelina’s second term as president. From 2020 to 2024, protest events surged dramatically, peaking at 179 incidents in 2023, the highest in the country’s recent history. This marks a notable rise compared to earlier administrations, where protest counts were considerably lower, illustrating how civic unrest has become a defining feature of Madagascar’s recent political landscape.
