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Eastern Africa balanced high growth (5.39%) with soaring inflation (17.76%) and moderate unemployment (4.74%)
  • Eastern Africa is the continent's fastest-growing region in 2024 with a GDP growth rate of 5.39%, but it also faces the highest inflation at 17.76%.
  • Southern Africa has the lowest inflation (3.48%) but also the highest unemployment by far, at 28.64%.
  • Western Africa combines growth (3.57%) with low unemployment (4.53%), positioning it as a relatively stable economic zone.
  • Central Africa and Northern Africa both lag in GDP growth, at 1.40% and 2.90% respectively, with Central Africa also experiencing moderate inflation and interest rates.
  • Interest rates are highest in Western (10.84%) and Eastern Africa (10.12%), reflecting tighter monetary policies likely aimed at controlling inflation.
  • Northern Africa’s 11.15% unemployment rate suggests underlying labour market issues despite moderate inflation and interest rates.
  • Southern Africa's low interest rate (6.29%) hasn't translated into job creation, indicating that monetary easing alone isn't resolving unemployment challenges.

The US gold reserve of over 8,000 tonnes is higher than Germany's and Italy's gold reserves combined
Key takeaways:
  • The United States holds the largest national gold reserves in 2024, totalling 8,133.46 tonnes.
  • Western European countries in the top ten list collectively hold 9,892.76 tonnes of gold reserves.
  • China, India, and Japan are the only Asian countries in the top 10, together holding 4,001.71 tonnes.
  • The Russian Federation is the leading gold reserve holder in Central and Eastern Europe, with 2,332.74 tonnes.
  • All countries in the top ten list maintain at least 600 tonnes of gold reserves.
  • The total gold reserve held by the top ten countries amounted to 24,360.67 tonnes.

China tops the global reserves chart in 2024, holding nearly three times Japan’s reserves and having 5.53% of its total reserves as gold reserves
Key takeaways:
  • China leads all nations with total reserves of $3.46 trillion while holding 5.53% of its share in gold reserves.
  • The top 15 countries collectively hold a total reserve of $10.78 trillion.
  • Despite being the global leader in gold reserves, the United States ranks third in total reserves.
  • The largest share of the United States' total reserves is from its gold reserve holdings of 74.97%.
  • Countries in the top fifteen list hold at least $236.9 billion each in total reserves.
  • The United States, France, and Italy have more than 70% of their total reserve holdings in gold.

ECOWAS countries (525.55 tonnes) led Africa’s gold production in 2023, with more than half of the continent’s production
Key Takeaways:
  • Ghana led the continent in gold production in 2023, producing 135.11 tonnes, 13.5% of Africa’s total.
  • Four countries (Ghana, Mali, South Africa, and Burkina Faso) each produced over 95 tonnes, together accounting for 443 tonnes or 44.1% of the continent’s output.
  • West African countries dominated the rankings, with eight nations from the region among the top 15 producers.
  • The West African countries in the top 15 combined contributed 525.55 tonnes, more than half (52.3%) of Africa's total gold production.
  • South Africa ranked third in Africa with 104.29 tonnes.
  • Burkina Faso ranked fourth while contributing almost 10% of Africa’s gold production.

Africa led global gold production in 2023 with over 1,000 tonnes, contributing more than 27% of global output
Key Takeaways:
  • In 2023, Africa was the world’s leading gold-producing region, with a total output of 1,003.98 tonnes.
  • Asia followed with 661.30 tonnes, representing 18.1% of the world’s gold output.
  • The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) produced 570.90 tonnes, making up 15.7% of the global total.
  • North America and Central & South America contributed 485.17 tonnes and 542.13 tonnes, respectively.
  • Oceania was a key producer with 343.29 tonnes, or 9.4% of global output.
  • Europe contributed the least, producing only 39.30 tonnes, which is about 1.1% of the total.
  • Altogether, global gold production reached 3,646.07 tonnes in 2023.

After a period of fluctuation, Tunisia's currency has demonstrated a stabilised exchange rate since 2022 at around 3.11 TND per US$
  • The Tunisian dinar stood at TND 2.15 per US$ in 2016 and has since depreciated to TND 3.11 per US$ in 2024.
  • Between 2016 and 2019, the dinar saw a strong depreciation.
  • 2020 marked a turning point with a 4.16% appreciation, the first notable currency strengthening in the period observed.
  • From 2022 onward, the exchange rate has stabilised closely around TND 3.10 to TND 3.11 per US$, with minimal yearly changes of 0.08% and 0.04%.
  • The largest year-on-year depreciation occurred in 2017 with a 12.63% change.
  • Despite the earlier years of high volatility, Tunisia’s currency performance in the last three years suggests better monetary management and external stability.

Roughly 38,000 Nigerians tap their pensions each year, with ₦35.5B withdrawn in 2023
  • An average of ~38,000 RSA accounts use the 25% withdrawal option each year.
  • Total amounts tapped rose from ₦19.1B (2019) to ₦35.5B (2023) as balances grew.
  • Total amount withdrawn from 2017 through Q3 2024 was ₦198.3B.
  • Despite rising amounts, the count of withdrawals fell from ~57,000 in 2017–18 to ~38,000 since 2019.
  • Amount withdrawn jumped by 32% in 2023.

How Africa’s cotton production moved: Egypt’s long rule and West Africa’s rise
  • Egypt dominated African cotton production for decades, from the 1960s to the early 2000s, standing far ahead of other African countries in both volume and quality.
  • The early 2000s marked a major turning point, as West African countries — especially Burkina Faso and Mali — began to overtake Egypt in total production.
  • Burkina Faso emerged as the new cotton leader between 2005 and 2015, topping production in key years like 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, and 2012–2015, and later reclaiming the top spot in 2020 and 2022.
  • Mali built its cotton strength after 2015, becoming Africa’s number one producer multiple times, peaking at over 334,000 tonnes in 2019.
  • Benin and Côte d’Ivoire quietly closed the gap throughout the 2010s, consistently ranking in the top three, even though they didn’t dominate the number one spot.

India's remittance inflow grew by 828% in 24 years — maintaining the top spot for 21 of them
  • India led globally for 21 of 24 years, followed by China (2) and Mexico (1)
  • No African country ever topped global remittance inflow rankings
  • Nigeria ranked among the top 10 recipients for several of the years
  • India’s dominance reflects its large global diaspora and steady labour migration
  • China’s brief lead came in the early 2000s but it was overtaken quickly
  • Mexico in the top spot for one year was tied to strong remittance links with the US
  • The top countries rarely changed, showing a stable global remittance pattern
  • Most global leaders have large populations abroad in high-income economies
  • Global remittances remain a major economic lifeline for developing countries

Nigeria led Africa in remittance inflows for 13 of the past 24 years
  • Egypt had the highest total remittance inflows across all years in the dataset.
  • Nigeria was consistently among the top 3 recipients every year, topping the chart for 13 years.
  • Morocco and Ghana showed strong, stable inflows throughout the 2000–2023 period.
  • Kenya and Senegal experienced some of the fastest remittance growth from 2000 to recent years.
  • Rwanda had high percentage growth, though starting from a small base.
  • A noticeable dip occurred in 2020 for most countries, likely linked to COVID-19 — followed by recovery in 2021 and 2022.

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